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Napoleon Bonaparte: The character makes history or history makes the character? Two new bloggers

Napoleon Bonaparte (1789-1821), as Alexander the Great or Julius Caesar, is one of those characters that are said to make history in the sense that their events such as military ruler, had a great influence in his time, is something that the wars of the early nineteenth century Napoleonic Wars are called , besides its importance exceeded its time, being analyzed or criticized remembered having marking subsequent events as the Congress of Vienna and the Restoration Europe.

However, military prowess, diplomatic maneuvering and political measures of Napoleon in Europe in the early nineteenth century, as well as other historical figures were not coincidental but a combination of the historical context in which they lived and their personality. In this article I will focus on the aspect of his personality.

Equestrian Portrait of Napoleon Bonaparte (obtained from historiageneral.com)

Born into a wealthy bourgeois family Ajaccio (Corsica), his father was a lawyer but he had some land and commercial businesses, aiming to achieve a title of nobility to his family, Napoleon was the second of eight children Buonaparte, although the predominant position of his family in front of guys or cousins, linked to service a number of servants and servants strengthened their sense of hierarchy and authority. That goal was endorsed family climb when Napoleon divided his conquests among his brethren in Europe, rewarding them with thrones in different regions, as ; Joseph Bonaparte King of Spain (1808-1813).

Portrait of Napoleon and his family (obtained from oceansbridge.com)

However, soon had to deal with internal difficulties entering the ten years in a military school in the Champagne region with a scholarship, completing his military studies in Paris, away from his family and his environment Corsican (initially despised the French mainland to believe that oppressed the people of Corsica) with the only company his older brother Joseph. The following years he lived under a harsh discipline, surrounded by fellow leading families who laughed at his Frenchman with an Italian accent, taking refuge in her interest in geography and mathematics, all increased their sullen attitude and lonely, but he made a great strength of character.

Napoleon leading his troops in the Battle of the Pyramids, Egypt (obtained from kalipedia.es)

excelled in school not because finished No. 42 of 58 in his class in 1785, which after graduation toured some destinations unattractive and routine military. However, this period was instrumental in its future, as with military tactics books had time to complete his intellectual training with the reading of works of Rousseau , Voltaire, Mirabeau ... inquiring about human feelings and forms of government, which would bring him to the revolutionary ideas that erupted in 1789, although not aligned with any political group, had sympathy with the Jacobins (which will be detained and have cost his military rank after the coup of Thermidor in the summer of 1794).

Napoleon directed the coup of 18 of Brunario of 1799 (obtained from yesicai.blogspot.com)

The Revolution offered the opportunity he needed the ambitious Napoleon ( genius is the art of the opportunity said), and stressed in his military role in different events, taking Toulon or defense of the Convention against the royalists in the Tuileries, which allowed him to begin his successful career to lead the French armies in the campaigns of Italy and Egypt, which finally would become Emperor of France.

portrayed Napoleon all the symbols of the Emperor (obtained from internetstones.com)

As Napoleon was a brilliant military tactician, innovative tactics (especially on the mobility of artillery and infantry), meticulous in quartermaster, experienced in intelligence and skilled in diplomacy, all benefited from his tireless work capacity and proximity to the troops. As a politician was characterized by its dual aspect, appearing as a liberator against the old regime, extending some achievements of the Revolution (eg Napoleonic civil code) or ensuring principles such as merit and otherwise repressing national freedoms, limiting political participation in France and trying to dominate Europe militarily.

Equestrian Portrait of Napoleon characterized as the work of Gross Hannibal (obtained dewikipedia.org)

pride, ambition and self-confidence marked personality Bonaparte, but also the intelligence, courage and tenacity, all forged from his childhood in Corsica and his education in military academies, was increased and strengthened by his military successes, coupled with the glorification of a nation that did not stop political lurch and needed a strong leader.

To learn more about the biography and personality of Napoleon Bonaparte: http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/historia/personajes/5602.htm

• http://es. wikipedia.org / wiki / Napoleon
• http://historiageneral.com/2008/11/23/napoleon-bonaparte-el-perfecto-estratega/

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Real

As you may have already seen in the bar of links to blogs, there are two new posts at the SIES Campo Real. Both Curro (technology) as Ana (plastic) have opened their pages with interesting work and high quality, approached from a multidisciplinary perspective, which we announced a year full of surprises in the network, it will always willing to learn in these directions:

Curro
• Blog: http://infotecnocurro.blogspot.com
Ana
• Blog: http://yomenosquenadie.blogspot.com

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Field Agora: a door to history

A vital purpose of the Agora film, recently released, I would like to emphasize a different aspect of the film, both in substance and in form. Little more can be added to the magnificent Vincent article on the main issues dealt with in the film: the intolerance and power struggle with religion as an excuse, but the representation of this history has been carried out very detailed and credible, despite some tiny inaccuracy as Vincent said.

Alejandro Amenabar has put all his talent and effort to tell us his vision of a piece of history, wrapped in a turbulent context, the breakdown of the Roman Empire and the transition from classical to the Christian world. This vision, unlike other movies that glamorize Holliwood arising from characters, corrupt the history and care about more than mere spectacle (eg 10,000), is characterized by a great historical accuracy and realism .

The pagan god Serapis surrounded willing to do anything (obtained from elimparcial.es)

The atmosphere in Alexandria Amenabar is so believable that introduces us History with a capital of over two hours and events exposes us a clear, unequivocally, but without concealing their sympathies. Thus, the objective of the viewer empathize with the figure of Hypatia is a constant throughout the film, however, shows almost everything that is known of his life and his studies makes it easy to understand the viewer, demonstrating both its historical importance (Mathematics and astronomy) although it has not been any written consevado yours.

Hypatia and Theon to his slaves out of Serapeum (obtained from larepublicacultural.es)

The decorated, do not abuse the digital recreation are spectacular, noting the multicultural and very ancient city was Alexandria, where the famous appear library, the wonder of light , Roman houses such as Hypatia, the prefecture Roman pagan Egyptian temples converted into a Greco-Roman, Christian churches, not to mention the agora which gives the film its name. Adorned with stunning aerial images of the city or the Nile River delta

Agora Alexandria image in the film (obtained from elpais.com)

However

These great sets increase in accuracy by not subtracting a touch of decadence, as it corresponded to the sociopolitical changes that had been made in the late fourth and early fifth century This We can physically see the changes they undergo many buildings, as the library happens to have as little use IP as the barn, the theater has ceased to represent classical works and the replacement of the agora for the Church (ex Serapeum ) as a meeting place.

D Ebates between Christian and pagan in the Agora (obtained from peliculasdecine.net)

is also worth commenting on the clothing care (which we have seen up close in the museum's exhibition costume), which is realistic but at the same time favors the differences between groups and the antagonism that face: The pagans with their luxurious robes, against Christians with simple clothes wool, Roman soldiers with their typical rectangular shield and spear or pilum, slaves cared for by their masters but living in small dark rooms, Jews wearing the tallit and kippah ...

The prefect Orestes (obtained from portaldenoticias.com)

Special

treatment are the main characters in enhancing the realism to change their clothing according to their personal evolution: Orestes goes from young disciple Roman prefect in love with a uniform shell now, the jilted Davo adopts the black slave to align with more parabolans radical ...

parabolans Davo characterized as a monk (obtained from elpais.com)

Of course, who better represents this association is Hypatia who first saw the Greek style white or light colors after the destruction the library appear to represent deep and strong colors to his innocence, but also of an era.

Clothing Hypatia at the Museum of Costume (Obtained from labutaca.net)

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STONEHENGE SECOND

Yesterday was published in several newspapers the discovery by British archaeologists, the remains of a cromlech or new stone circle near the world's best known cromlech: Stonehenge. It appears that the two were part of a set in Salisbury Plain (England), by the river Avon, and were joined by of a ceremonial route that connected, the complex was completed with a Neolithic settlement that was only used in times of ceremonies.

Stonehenge current image (obtained from evanevantours.co)

This new finding may be of great importance to clarify the role and uses of these circles of massive stones ( megaliths), linked by both Megalithic culture which were built in the middle of the Neolithic period through Western Europe and off the wild theories with which some relate them (aliens), although the debate among scholars is far from complete.

Blue Reconstruction of Stonehenge (Obtained from Elpais.com)

He has been called Blue Stonehenge since the stones that formed it had a bluish tint, and like the fame was brought from hundreds of miles away (one of the major mysteries of the monument), but not great megaliths have been found but little remains and evidence of its placement. On the other fossils we have determined that their age about 5000 years, and therefore something magnificent before Stonehenge.

ceremonial routes in the whole of Stonehenge (obtained from flickr.com)

The most accepted theory of the role of monument is its relationship with religious rites related to astronomical knowledge, since it is geared for full moon to rise at its zenith at the summer solstice, and therefore may have to do with any kind of worship mole. Although becoming more and more importance is the theory that the whole rites of passage between the living world (associated with timber circles) and of the dead (related to the stone circles.)

successive image ceremonial circles of Stonehenge (obtained from abyss)

The latter approach is based on the existence of some burials, the connection to the sacred way of all elements (circles and town) and their association with the River Avon, like many rivers and lakes in antiquity (eg the Styx) is identified with the transits to the world of the dead.

About:

• http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/arte/obras/7749.htm (more information on Stonehenge)
• Article of terraantiqvae blog on new theories Stonehenge
• Article in El Pais on Stonehenge Blue
• ABC article on Stonehenge Blue

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ISTANBUL (Part II): A BRIDGE BETWEEN TWO CONTINENTS

The second aspect that has always emphasized the city of Istanbul is the economic, as demonstrated by currently hosting the meeting of the IMF. This commercial vocation is the result largely its privileged location between Europe and Asia, that throughout history has made it so appealing to many empires, which adds to the character of the Turks, eager to do business at every opportunity.

access to the Grand Bazaar in Istanbul (Obtained from wikipedia)

One of the most striking examples of that past and present business is the Grand Bazaar (Kapali Carsi ), an incredibly diverse market hall which occupies 35 hectares of the city of Istanbul, formed by eighty streets and has more than 4500 Stores: the first major shopping center world since it was built in 1464 but had to be reformed after an earthquake in the nineteenth century.

Source at the Grand Bazaar (Istanbul)

I originally had six fountains, mosque and twelve chapels, and other luxuries for his time, but now most customers are tourists still remains a touch union, as their stores are grouped by type of product for sale (gold jewelry, rugs, hookahs ...) as before, and bargaining is still practiced (usually with little luck for the tourists unaccustomed).

textile Street Grand Bazaar (Istanbul)

However, this Bazaar, famous throughout the world, is not the only one of the city and also highlights the Egyptian Bazaar, which maintains its exotic character and a special aroma, thanks to dedicated mostly to the spices, many of them brought from distant places in Asia recalling the ancestral Silk Road , when silk, spices and other luxury items (porcelain, jewelry, etc..) Were transported from China overland to Istanbul before being distributed to Europe by boat in exchange for gold and precious stones .

Since Egyptian Spice Bazaar (Istanbul)

Silk Route originated through the exchanges between the Roman Empire and the Chinese Empire more than 2000 years ago and reached its apogee in the capital of Constantinople in the fourth century. With the advent of Islam, Arabs gained control by the end of the route, making it essential intermediaries and increasing prices for Europeans, while ensuring that vital source of income created to protect the caravan sites located at the distance of a day of transits, called Caravanserais (Kervansarays).

Sultanhani Caravansary (Central Anatolia, Turkey)

in cities instead appeared Han , half palace hostel half caravans. All of them, both khans as Hani, presided at the center by a small mosque, surrounded by rooms intended for different uses (residence, warehouse, stables for camels and other beasts of burden) and walls that surrounded them, protecting products the usual conflicts and attempted looting in such a long journey.

Koza Han Mosque (Bursa, Turkey)

Today, the Silk Road, made famous by Marco Polo books she had her travels to China, has disappeared, but the importance of Istanbul as the midpoint of large amount of goods in transit between Europe and Asia is still a fact, as evidenced by the traffic emorme container shiploads crossing the Bosphorus Strait.

freighter in the Sea of \u200b\u200bMarmara

Photos Juanjo Martínez

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ISTANBUL (Part I): A BRIDGE BETWEEN TWO CONTINENTS

City Istanbul has had several names and has occupied for many centuries an important place in history (capital of Eastern Roman Empire, Byzantium and Ottoman Empire), today but its role has been in second place except in two respects: the commercial and cultural. For now we will focus on the second, as it will European Capital Culture in 2010 .

Image losviajeros.com

Peninsula Located agency Anatolia (Asia) and Thrace (Europe), separated by the Bosphorus Strait linking the Black Sea and the Mediterranean through the Marmara Sea , now extends to both sides and turn left heading in the European area by the river estuary Haliç (the famous Golden Horn). As a result of this special situation became very early in the crossroads of trade between Asia and Europe.

The booming city of Byzantium, which existed from s. VII BC, began with the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great , who in 330 AD reformed and expanded the city occupied the peninsula formed by the Haliç and Marmara and gave his own name: Constantinople, giving it important infrastructure and buildings, grand palaces, embellishing it at the expense of other cities, by moving columns, statues, obelisks ....

However, since those early days was characterized by its cultural importance, not only because of its monumentality, as it was founded the first university (330), which despite being reformed later by the Ottoman Sultans, has continued to this day. Received a number of Sephardic Jews expelled from Spain in 1492 and has been fusion center of European cultures, Ottoman and Islamic for centuries.

also had a great influence on the religious aspect, as it became one of the main centers of Christianity almost from its inception and especially since become the official religion of the Byzantine Empire, where the Patriarch of Constantinople (Byzantium) overshadowed the Pope of Rome himself, of which attest to a number of churches (most notably Santa Sofia ). This duality eventually leading to the schism of 1054, and giving rise to the Church Orthodox Christian , majority in Eastern Europe.

After the Turkish conquest of the city in 1453 Christianity, but did not disappear by full at the renowned Istanbul, was replaced by Islam, the churches converted into mosques and the Patriarch by the Sultan. However, this fact sought a cultural to the town, the sultans strove to improve the city raising large religious complex, which also were social (available for kitchens, bathrooms and schools), and poetry, philosophy and Arab influence mathematics flourished in the city, which acquired the unmistakable image of domes and minarets by the sea.

However, after several centuries of splendor, in the nineteenth century began a period of decline, marked by weak Sultans government, riots and nationalist ambitions of European powers culminated in the demise of the Ottoman Empire in 1919 after World War 1. This process involved in the cultural field a strong Western influence in the city, which is reflected in some neighborhoods, such as Taksim, and streets in the Istiklal .

The emergence of Turkey as a new state came from the hand of an army officer, Mustfá Kemal Ataturk , who tried to make it a modern state, imposing secularism and Turkish nationalist cultural policy, being its most significant measures:

• The abandonment of Islam as official religion.
• The replacement of the Arabic alphabet by the Latin.
• Industrialization and modernization of agriculture. Progressive
• democratization, but under the supervision of a strong army, the main guarantor of Ataturk's reforms

veterans Statement (image lanacion.com)

Today Istanbul has become a cultural kaleidoscope, where it melts the Mediterranean character, especially visible in the food and the life of the streets, with the classical Roman and Byzantine history, the Islamic religion and great Ottoman mosques seasoned by chants of the call to prayer, with the explosion tourists from around the world to enjoy this fantastic cocktails and beautiful sunsets.

photos Juanjo Martínez

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A good final visit Madrid

To complete this exciting course we will visit the city of Madrid, making a journey that allows us to implement in practice much of what we have been studying this year and at the same time enjoy its architecture, its gardens, its history and why not its food.

Plaza de Oriente and the Teatro Real (obtained flickr)

To view the itinerary you can visit the Vicente article with several photos and if you are interested in more details, also the paper that opened this blog, about planning in Madrid.

But if you look a still insufficient and want to return to Madrid this summer to visit not only in passing, but know it thoroughly, I recommend you will download the audio guides for ipod/mp4 made by the city of Madrid on page of esMADRID (El Madrid de los Austrias and the art walk).

Epera we spend it well and you like it at least as much as I like to walk through the center of our city, Madrid.

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A new revolution in Iran? The new Soviet cinema

The situation in Iran is getting complicated day by day thanks to riots and demonstrations taking place in Teheran and other cities, despite police attempts to end with them and efforts to control information of the regime of Ayatollahs. This situation makes threatens to plunge the country into an international crisis that ends in a bloodbath, and by extension increase the already high international tension with the U.S. Iran's nuclear program.

Mousavi surrounded by his followers ( Obtained from El País 16/06/2009 )

The protests erupted just know the "suspects" election results presidential Friday 12 June, where he declared victory of the populist Ahmadinejad in the first round (with over 62% of the vote) and as a result supporters of reformist candidate Mousavi have taken to the streets starring in your own pictures 30 years ago when it emerged the Islamic Revolution in 1979 that toppled Shah Reza Pahlevi and allowed the rise to power ultra-conservative clerics, led by Ayatollah Khomeini , true builder targeting Islamist regime that still exists Shiite Iran.

Clashes in Tehran ( Obtained from El País 16/06/2009 )

The government of President Ahmadinejad tries to contain the monent demonstrations without resort to the militia of the Revolutionary Guards and the army, relying basically in the police action and trying to control the flow information to the Iranians that they can access (control television and most newspapers). So for example, have restricted access to the Internet, SMS and the signals from the satellite television channels also have expelled most foreign news correspondents, and so on.

Video on the expulsion of correspondents from Iran TVE

However, Mousavi supporters are using a resource at their disposal, as mobile and SMS are controlled: social networks are especially well-known twitter , to call demonstrations and organize, avoiding repression and government control. It seems that this movement of popular protest is not going to settle for a recount of votes, but the Iranian urban youth calls for a new more open society and a brighter future.

An example of these objectives, we consult on the interview that the country has made a Marjane Satrapi, the author of the famous comic and film Persepolis , where from the perspective of a child are the changes that produced the Islamic Revolution in Iran the 80, especially for women, fierce criticism of religious intolerance and cultural isolation . Just what you're fighting against young people who manifest these days in Iran.

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Poster Battleship Potemkin

The Russian Revolution (1917) launched a major creative period in

new Soviet Russia that emerged from it, but two areas stood out for its international influence, the arts (in painting highlighted Malevich Suprematism who took a step further cubism and abstraction) and the silent film .

The most influential Russian filmmakers Sergei Eisenstein was , reflecting a very innovative way for the Suppression of tsarist military apparatus against the people in this scene from the film Battleship Potemkin , recounting the events of the 1905 revolution in fleet Black Sea port city of Odessa.

In these images and in general in the Russian cinema of the 20's is of paramount importance the assembly sequences and planes , his great contribution to the history of cinema, with the aim not only tell the story through many planes inserted following a very marked rhythm, also seeks to viewer's feelings emerge and generate emotions.

Moreover, these films also had a didactic purpose (more than two thirds of the Russian population were illiterate), and political course since it is also a propaganda vehicle of the new Soviet regime, showing the just struggle of the people and the crew of the Potemkin against Tsarist tyranny (clear history of the October Revolution of 1917).

as you see in this small part (in total lasts longer than 7 minutes) from the known sequence of steps in Odessa, rhythm and emotion is achieved by alternating close-ups (faces, picture of the child) and general (soldiers, the masses running down the stairs) and making the viewer suffers because of the imminent collapse of the stroller, which adds to the fantastic music of Shostakovich.

There is only one word: Awesome . So much so that not infrequently has covered this part, perhaps the best known is in the movie which stars Kevin Costner and Sean Connery: The Untouchables .